Situational awareness in Ecuador’s distribution networks using µPMUs

Abstract

In 2024, Ecuador faced nationwide power rationing triggered by drought and delayed investments, highlighting the urgent need to strengthen situational awareness in distribution networks. This article examines the role of micro-PMUs (µPMUs) as a complement to existing monitoring and proposes an architecture tailored to the Ecuadorian context. A scoping review (2015–2025) of µPMU applications and IEEE C37.118 standards was carried out, together with a documentary analysis of CENACE’s WAMS experience. Based on this, an integrated µPMU architecture was designed for feeders operated by CNEL EP and EEQ, including use cases and ex ante metrics (temporal resolution, TVE, latency). The federated WAMS/WAMPAC+µPMU architecture positions sensors at feeder heads and critical medium-voltage nodes, enabling: (a) faster fault detection and location; (b) voltage and harmonic management to enhance power quality; (c) oscillation monitoring; and (d) secure DER integration. Expected outcomes include reduced fault location times, improved distribution state estimation, and more effective investment prioritization. Feasibility requires redundant telecom, C37.118.2/IEC-61850 interoperability, clear data governance between CENACE and DSOs, and strong cybersecurity. Gradual µPMU adoption in Ecuadorian distribution is technically viable and can enhance resilience, efficiency, and renewable integration.